Risk factors and predictive biomarkers for preterm birth
Keywords:
biomarkers, high-risk pregnancy, premature labor, risk factorsAbstract
Introduction: preterm birth is defined as delivery occurring before 37 weeks of gestation and is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Its high incidence in countries with limited prenatal care, such as Nicaragua, makes it a public health priority.
Objective: to identify risk factors and predictive biomarkers for preterm birth in pregnant women with high obstetric risk treated at the Santiago de Jinotepe Regional Teaching Hospital during the first half of 2024.
Methods: a sequential descriptive mixed-methods study was carried out. The quantitative phase included a sample of 74 women selected through non-probability convenience sampling. Clinical variables, maternal history, obstetric conditions, and biomedical markers were analyzed. The qualitative phase consisted of semi-structured interviews with 10 obstetrician-gynecologists. Data were summarized using percentages, and ethical research principles were observed.
Results: the preterm birth rate was 20 %. The most frequently observed conditions were obesity, premature rupture of membranes, genitourinary infections, and diabetes. The most relevant predictive biomarkers were a cervical length of less than 20 mm and elevated C-reactive protein levels. The highest incidence was observed among adolescents and women over 33 years of age. Limitations in access to diagnostic tests and specialized follow-up were evident.
Conclusions: preterm birth in high-risk pregnancies may be associated with preventable obstetric conditions and identifiable biomarkers. Strengthening prenatal screening and integrating psychosocial and educational strategies are necessary.
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